European supply chain for diamond-based quantum technologies

“Large-area high-quality diamond wafers are an irreplaceable basic component in the production of devices for diamond-based quantum technologies, which are expected to reach the market in the next three to ten years,” explains the responsible project coordinator from Fraunhofer IAF, Dr Peter Knittel. “Material costs can be significantly reduced by using diamond wafers with larger diameters compared to the current state of the art, making the development and production of quantum devices economical. Against this background, GrodiaQ is a great opportunity to establish Germany as a leading location in the research, development and production of advanced diamond-based quantum technologies.”

Specific material properties enable nitrogen-vacancy centers (NV centers) in diamond to form stable quantum states already at room temperature. For this reason, the use of NV centers in diamond substrates is one of the most promising approaches on the way to the application and economic exploitation of quantum technologies, for example in areas such as medical technology (quantum sensing) or computer science (quantum computing). In particular, diamond grown in the (111)-oriented crystal direction is an important material for the fabrication of quantum devices, as this growth both favors the generation of NV centers by facilitating nitrogen incorporation and significantly improves their controllability as qubits.

However, the supply of diamond substrate that fulfills the above-mentioned conditions is still problematic. Only a few manufacturers – none of them from the European Union (EU) – can supply material at all that meets the described requirements for crystal purity and (111) orientation. Availability is also limited to non-industrial small quantities and dimensions of typically 3x3 mm. The fragility of the available substrates is also a hurdle as they must be polished to a surface roughness of less than 2 nm for applications in quantum technologies. In contrast, the diamond wafers planned in GrodiaQ are characterized by an industrially suitable size that are at the same time, as a result of optimized processing procedures, ideal substrates for further preparation and processing.

European supply chain for sovereign material supply

In three steps, the GrodiaQ project partners want to enable industrially usable diamond substrates and thereby lay the foundation for a European supply chain for quantum devices. In addition to the project coordination, Fraunhofer IAF provides material, know-how and infrastructure throughout the entire project duration. Furthermore, it focuses on optimizing the heteroepitaxial growth of (111)-oriented diamond in order to be able to produce functional layers for quantum technology applications. In close cooperation with Fraunhofer IAF, Diamond Materials is responsible for grinding and polishing down to a roughness of less than 2 nm as well as growth and processing of larger substrate areas and quantities.

Evatec Europe is designing and constructing an energy-efficient reactor for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) based on the bias-enhanced nucleation (BEN) approach, which, in combination with new semiconductor microwave generators from Trumpf Hüttinger, is intended to achieve industrial standards for wafer coating from sizes of four inches. The quality of the diamond coatings depends to a large extent on the chamber geometry and voltage distribution of the BEN reactor, and the homogeneity of the microwave plasma over a larger area depends on the generators. Finally, the associated partners Q.ant and Quantum Brilliance will evaluate the substrates characterized at the IAF with regard to their applications in the fields of quantum sensing and quantum computing and will transfer them to the market after the project.